aggressive	(adj.) 有攻擊性的（threatening and unfriendly）；An aggressive dog can be frightening.
circumstances	(n.) 情況、條件（conditions）；In normal circumstances, lions have 2-6 babies a year.
genes	(n.) 基因（parts of a cell passed from parent to child）；Genes are partly responsible for how we behave.
predators	(n.) 掠食者（animals that kill other animals）；Cities have fewer predators.
random	(adj.) 隨機的（done by chance, not planned）；Evolution occurs through random mutations.
suited to	(phr.) 適合（well matched for）；Some animals are naturally suited to city life.
surface	(n.) 表面（top layer）；Anole lizards can climb the smooth surface of walls.
territory	(n.) 領域、地盤（area）；Aggressive males defend their territory.
thrive	(v.) 繁盛、成功生存（live successfully）；Many animals thrive in urban areas.
traits	(n.) 特徵、特質（characteristics）；Beneficial traits can spread through a population.
calculate	(v.) 計算、估算（get a general idea about a cost or amount）；Scientists calculate that birds outnumber humans 6 to 1.
contaminate	(v.) 汙染、弄髒（make something less pure by adding something harmful）；Chemicals can contaminate a city's water.
critic	(n.) 批評者（a person who says they don't approve of something）；Critics say vertical farming is impractical.
harvest	(v.) 採收、收成（pick and collect crops）；Farmers wait for the right time to harvest.
import	(v.) 進口（bring in goods from another country）；The UK has to import a large part of its food.
impractical	(adj.) 不切實際的（not sensible or easy to do）；Growing food at home is impractical to feed a city.
integrate	(v.) 整合、結合（combine two things into one）；Planners want to integrate agriculture into cities.
potential	(n.) 潛力（the ability to develop and succeed）；This idea has potential.
vertical	(adj.) 垂直的（at a 90-degree angle from the ground）；In vertical farms, plants are grown vertically.
yield	(n.) 產量（the amount that is produced）；Vertical farms have yields up to 350 times higher.
counterargument	(n.) 反論（a possible objection to an argument）；Opponents believe… introduces a counterargument.
refutation	(n.) 反駁（a response showing why the objection is wrong）；A refutation often uses however or yet.