長期負債
會計 第 14 章 · 導覽投影片
Long-Term Liabilities · Wild, Financial Accounting (IFRS)
學習地圖：本章主題 · Learning map
How a company finances with bonds and long-term notes.公司如何用公司債與長期票據融資。
| Topic 主題 | One-line idea 一句話 |
|---|
| Bond basics 公司債基礎 | issuer pays par at maturity + periodic cash interest 到期付面值、定期付現金利息 |
| Contract vs market rate 契約 vs 市場利率 | their gap sets the issue price 兩者差距決定發行價 |
| Discount & amortization 折價與攤銷 | expense > cash; CV rises to par 費用>現金、帳面價值升至面值 |
| Premium & amortization 溢價與攤銷 | expense < cash; CV falls to par 費用<現金、帳面價值降至面值 |
| Present value 現值定價 | price = PV(par) + PV(interest) at market rate 以市場利率折現 |
| Retirement 贖回 | gain/loss = CV − cash paid 損益＝帳面價值−實付現金 |
| Long-term & installment notes 長期與分期票據 | interest portion shrinks, principal grows 利息縮小、本金增大 |
| Debt-to-equity 負債權益比 | total liabilities ÷ total equity 總負債÷總權益 |
完整中英對照見 lecture.pdf；例題詳解見 index.html。
招牌公式 · Signature formulas
Cash interest 現金利息 = par × contract rate × period
Issue price 發行價 = PV(par) + PV(interest annuity) @ market rate
Carrying value 帳面價值 = par − unamortized discount / par + unamortized premium
Straight-line amort. 直線攤銷 = (discount or premium) ÷ number of periods
Gain/Loss on retirement 贖回損益 = carrying value − cash paid
Debt-to-equity 負債權益比 = total liabilities ÷ total equity
決策：發行價怎麼定 · Issue-price decision
Compare the contract rate to the market rate on the issue date.發行日比較契約利率與市場利率。
| Relationship 關係 | Sells at 售價 | Account 科目 | Why 原因 |
|---|
| contract = market 契約=市場 | par 面值 | — | cash interest = what investors demand 現金利息＝投資人要求 |
| contract < market 契約<市場 | discount 折價 | Discount on Bonds Payable（contra 抵減負債） | investors pay less 投資人少付以補利息不足 |
| contract > market 契約>市場 | premium 溢價 | Premium on Bonds Payable（adjunct 附加負債） | investors pay more 投資人多付以取得高利息 |
折價發行＋攤銷例題見 index 第 2 節；溢價見 第 3 節。
發行價決策圖 · Issue-price flowchart
flowchart TD
A{Contract rate vs Market rate} -->|equal| PAR["Sell at PAR<br/>Cash = Par"]
A -->|"contract < market"| DIS["Sell at DISCOUNT<br/>Discount on Bonds Payable<br/>carrying value rises to par"]
A -->|"contract > market"| PRE["Sell at PREMIUM<br/>Premium on Bonds Payable<br/>carrying value falls to par"]
DIS --> DE["Interest expense > cash paid"]
PRE --> PE["Interest expense < cash paid"]
帳面價值收斂圖 · Carrying value to par
flowchart LR
subgraph Discount 折價
d1["Issue < par"] --> d2["amortize up 攤銷上升"] --> d3["= par at maturity"]
end
subgraph Premium 溢價
p1["Issue > par"] --> p2["amortize down 攤銷下降"] --> p3["= par at maturity"]
end
折價由低於面值升至面值；溢價由高於面值降至面值；到期皆等於面值。
折價發行與攤銷要點 · Discount
- Discount on Bonds Payable is a contra-liability — subtracted from Bonds Payable, not an asset.折價是抵減負債，自應付公司債扣除，不是資產。
- Carrying value = par − unamortized discount, rising toward par.帳面價值＝面值−未攤銷折價，逐期升至面值。
- 易錯Amortizing the discount makes interest expense > cash paid.攤銷折價使利息費用 > 實付現金。
例：$100,000 9% bonds @ 96.454，每期攤 $591、費用 5,091（index 第 2 節）
溢價發行與攤銷要點 · Premium
- Premium on Bonds Payable is an adjunct-liability — added to Bonds Payable.溢價是附加負債，加於應付公司債之上。
- Carrying value = par + unamortized premium, falling toward par.帳面價值＝面值＋未攤銷溢價，逐期降至面值。
- 易錯Premium amortization decreases interest expense (expense < cash paid) — don't reverse it.溢價攤銷降低費用（費用<現金），別記反。
例：$100,000 12% bonds @ 103.546，費用 5,409、攤溢價 591（index 第 3 節）
贖回 / 票據要點 · Retirement & notes
- At maturity 到期：CV = par；no gain/loss.帳面價值＝面值，無損益。
- Before maturity 提前：gain/loss = carrying value − cash paid, in profit or loss.損益＝帳面價值−實付現金，認列損益。
- Installment note 分期票據：interest portion (beginning balance × rate) shrinks, principal portion grows.利息部分縮小、本金部分增大。
例：提前贖回損 $500、分期票據首期拆分（index 第 4–5 節）
易錯總表 · Common-trap summary
| Topic 主題 | Point 重點 | Trap 陷阱 |
|---|
| Issue price 發行價 | =par / <market→discount / >market→premium | mixing which rate sets price 搞混哪個利率定價 |
| Cash interest 現金利息 | par × contract rate × period | using market rate for cash 用市場利率算現金利息 |
| Discount 折價 | contra-liability; expense > cash; CV↑ | calling it an asset 把折價當資產 |
| Premium 溢價 | adjunct-liability; expense < cash; CV↓ | premium raising expense 誤以為溢價增加費用 |
| Effective interest 有效利率法 | expense = CV × market rate | using par instead of CV 用面值取代帳面價值 |
| Early retirement 提前贖回 | gain/loss = CV − cash paid | ignoring gain/loss 忽略損益 |
| Installment note 分期票據 | interest portion shrinks, principal grows | constant split 誤以為拆分固定 |
| Debt-to-equity 負債權益比 | total liabilities ÷ total equity | inverting the ratio 上下顛倒 |
看完導覽，接著動手 · Next
1. 已有本章地圖、發行價決策、招牌公式 + 易錯總表。
2. 讀 lecture.pdf 學完整中英對照與所有分錄。
3. 打開 index.html → 看例題逐步分錄與計算（依面值／折價／溢價／百分比報價／贖回／分期票據）。
4. 最後用 Quizlet 記憶卡主動回憶。
導覽結束 · End of map
Issue price = PV at market rate; cash interest = contract rate.
完整內容 → lecture.pdf · 例題解法 → index.html · 複習 → Quizlet